"Neurodiversity through Webcomics: Using Aesthetic Experiences for Epistemic Resistance"
At the heart of the ideas proposed in today's panel is that of epistemic enablement through trajectories other than propositional, which can be offered by aesthetic experience.
PANEL
"Dancing Toward Epistemic Justice: An Embodied Account of Epistemic Agency"
Amandine Catala and Camille Zimmermann covered the example of dance, an embodied account of epistemic enablement.
PhD Candidate - Philosophy (UQAM)
Camille Zimmermann
zimmermann.camille@courrier.uqam.ca
Professor - Philosophy (UQAM)
Amandine Catala
catala.amandine@uqam.ca
"Comics and Epistemic Enablement"
Luc Faucher discussed the medium of comics in the context of neurodiversity, again as epistemic enablement.
Professor - Philosophy (UQAM)
Luc Faucher
"Neurodiversity through Webcomics: Using Aesthetic Experiences for Epistemic Resistance"
We now continue with webcomics.
PhD Candidate - Philosophy (UQAM)
Mylène Legault
legault.mylene.2@courrier.uqam.ca
PhD Candidate - Philosophy (UQAM)
Jean-Nicolas Bourdon
bourdon.jean-nicolas@courrier.uqam.ca
PREFACE
About the
Format
Force of habit leads us to take the established ways of doing things as fixed, even though they are circumstantial. We were able to explore this reality, for example, during the pandemic: going to the office for work meetings, which, in all honesty, could have been e-mails. We also know that cultural habits are not insignificant, they allow the reproduction of comfortable modalities of interaction for dominant groups: those with the power to choose these modalities.
For our part of the panel, we propose to do things differently. Don't worry, we're not criticizing power point presentations and their timely sip of water pauses. Instead, we're inviting you to explore an alternative modality for interaction.
Public Speaking
Many people hate public speaking. It generally comes with discomforts and even fears, but some people have cognitive profiles that function in ways far removed from this type of interaction. However, this practice is socially maintained and considered essential for meeting and sharing. But is it really necessary? Does the public space absolutely have to be occupied in an oratory and synchronous way? What if these modalities are, in fact, infused with neuronormativity?
Human society is permeated by collective cultural resources with which individuals can, among other things, interpret, understand and communicate various aspects of their experiences. Since they are collective resources, their genesis, maintenance and dissemination are a function of the power dynamics that permeate our societies. One of these power dynamics is organized around norms regarding what is considered appropriate cognitive functioning: the group whose cognition corresponds to the norm (i.e., neurotypicals) dominates and those whose cognition deviates from the norm (i.e., neurodivergent) are marginalized. This epistemic marginalization has the effect of limiting the access of neurodivergent individuals to so-called "collective" epistemic resources, both in their elaboration and in their use.
This norm corresponds to neuronormativity, which is presented by Amandine Catala, Luc Faucher et Pierre Poirier (2021) in their paper Autism, epistemic injustice, and epistemic disablement: a relational account of epistemic agency.
Neuronormativity refers to the prevalent, neurotypical set of assumptions, norms, and practices that construes neurotypicality as the sole acceptable or superior mode of cognition, and that stigmatizes attitudes, behaviors, or actions that reflect neu- roatypical modes of cognition as deviant or inferior. Neuronormative assumptions, norms, and practices uphold standards regarding, for example, (what is neurotypi- cally considered) appropriate eye contact, facial expressions, prosody, conversa- tional flow, processing, and responsiveness—all of which can be difficult for autistic individuals to understand, sense, or apply, due to neurocognitive differences. (Catala & al., 2021)
Catala, A., Faucher, L. & Poirier, P. Autism, epistemic injustice, and epistemic disablement: a relational account of epistemic agency. Synthese (2021).
For a presentation on these questions, see Epistemic justice and epistemic authority on autism, Philosophy of Psychiatry Webinar, Montreal (Amandine Catala)
What’s with all these neuro- words?
Neurodiversity can refer to the neurological or neurocognitive variation naturally present in the human population. The term was first introduced by Judy Singer in a book published in 1993. The term also refers to a growing sociopolitical movement that promotes the recognition and inclusion of natural neurocognitive diversity (see, for example, Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN), whose slogan is "Nothing About Us Without US!").
Nick Walker (2012) describes the neurodiversity movement as a new paradigm (the neurodiversity paradigm) in response to the pathology paradigm. It should be noted, however, that this movement has not been and is not immune to certain exclusionary mechanisms. For example, the movement began with verbal autistic individuals, but although the movement has since expanded to include many cognitive profiles, autistic individuals (and more recently ADHD individuals) still seem to dominate the movement.
Walker, N. (2012). Throw away the master's tools: Liberating ourselves from the pathology paradigm. Loud hands: Autistic people, speaking, 225-237.
Some progress can also be noted with the recent publication of "Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm" (Rosqvist et al., 2020), which illustrates the growing acceptance of this sociopolitical movement by the scientific community.
Rosqvist, H. B., Chown, N., & Stenning, A. (2020). Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm. Routledge.
Refers to individuals who fit the norm of cognitive functioning.
Neurodivergence belongs to a normative vocabulary. It requires a norm, which can be qualitative or quantitative, to distinguish typical from atypical neurocognitive profiles among natural neurological variation. However, the narrative is not so simple; cognition is a complex and dynamic process, and simply distinguishing between neurotypical and neuroatypical individuals shapes, at least in part, the cognition of those same individuals. Note that these criteria, quantitative or qualitative, are generally chosen for medical, practical, economic or moral reasons: because a type is considered "more functional", "more adapted, evolutionarily", "easier to interact with", "less demanding in resources" more characteristic of a human life worth living", etc.
Refers to individuals who do not fit the norm for cognitive functioning.
For those who are curious, we address these "neuro- words" here :
- Legault, M., Bourdon, J. & Poirier, P. (2021). From neurodiversity to neurodivergence by way of epistemic marginalization, Epistemological Issues in Neurodivergence and Atypical Cognition. Synthese.
- Legault, M., Bourdon, J. & Poirier, P. (2019) Neurocognitive variety in neurotypical environments: the source of “deficits” in autism, Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science (JBBS), vol.9, 246-272.
This is all well and good in theory, but what does it have to do with our presentation?
What we are trying to say - probably with too many words - is that those with cognitive profiles similar to ours tend to feel unsafe in traditional academic frameworks. This very presentation is the perfect opportunity to experiment with an alternative format where we can occupy the epistemic space and exist as we are. When the parameters of a common space of exchange only correspond to one type of cognitive profile, neurotypical profiles in this case, there can hardly be any exchange that is fair and inclusive. Our hope is that offering this alternative might open this type of space to those who remain outside the exchange.
Although this is an aside before we get into our main topic, you will notice that the form of our presentation reproduces our subject: the online viewing of webcomics, that is, asynchronous interactions around a shared representation, or the infamous content.
What a great question! Of course. If we have different cognitive and processing profiles with different modalities of expression, we can expect adjustments in synchronicity. Strategies for better epistemic justice include suspending judgment, giving the time, respecting varied forms of exchange and being open to different modalities of exchange.
Feel free to contact us for any comments and input into this exploration:
legault.mylene.2@courrier.uqam.ca
bourdon.jean-nicolas@courrier.uqam.ca
PART I
This is Marc, stand in for the author: Yvon Roy
This is his son, Olivier, who is autistic.
Les Petites Victoires showcases the fight of a father for his son, diagnosed with autism "in order to transform an announced defeat into small victories" (sic, our translation).
In his preface, Roy explains the contextualises the creation of his comic book:
"The idea was first suggested to me by a special educator who had worked with my son. She thought that what we had accomplished together was worth sharing so that other parents could find, through our experience, some useful information, if not a little hope" (our translation).
Interview
"When I started working with my boy to help him, with all the professionals in the field, I realized that often we were told, or they tried to tell us, that we had to work on living with autism, on accommodating autism. How we had to deal with different crises, different problems, whereas I thought, well, no, it's better, definitely, to try to overcome it than to live with it. And that's been kind of my master idea, let's say, for years with my boy, which is to try to push the boundaries constantly, always further." (Our translation)
Why choose this comic book?
This comic book is an example of a creation that is easily accessible to the general public that has been awarded and highly publicized - even winning an award that recognizes works written by a person living with a disability and recounting their own experience, or by a third party about the life of a relative living with a disability. In 2018, the publisher Rue de Sèvres announced a contract for a film adaptation, which caused reactions and led to the hashtag :
#boycottlespetitesvictoires
As we will show, this is an example of the social representations of autism that perpetuate dominant understandings that do not fit the lived experience of those directly concerned to the point of being discriminatory. It is also difficult to identify moments when the child (the autistic character) shows agentivity. Instead, he’s passive in his father’s story. In a way, Olivier is only a supporting character. This is exaclty why representation doesn't mean autorepresentation and why "nothing about us whitout us" matters: although this comic is presented as a positive narrative from the allist perspective (3rd person), the story is completely different from the standpoint of the autistic community’s testimonies (1st person).
An allist person is a non-autistic person.
To understand the term "allist", we must go back to the origin of the word "autistic" which comes from the Greek word "autos" which means "self". So the word "autistic" initially referred to a person withdrawn on themself, who lives in their own world. The term "allist" appeared in a satirical article to refer to non-autistic people by swaping “autos” for "allos" which refers to others. So an allist is a person who is focused on others or, to flip the usual narrative, a person who lives in other people’s worlds.
In spite of the satire, the term “allist” has remained in use among others because it allows to distinguish between "neurotypicals" and "allists". There are people who are not autistic, but who are not neurotypical: a non-autistic dyslexic person, for example.
For a deconstruction
of the problematic propositions of the comic book:
But do you know the story from the autistic community’s perspective?
This is where webcomics can serve as an accessible tool that allows the reversal of dominant representations by opening the floor to self-representations directly grounded in marginalized communities. But before continuing with the topic of webcomics, we wish to feature an excerpt from Les Petites Victoires that addresses a frequent theme in autism: eye contact.
Excerpt on eye contact
Excerpt from Yvon Roy's interview
"I worked a bit like we can work to sometimes desensitize a substance. Sometimes certain people can have an allergy, we can try to desensitize them.
Several parents have contacted me regarding the trick to get the child to look in the eyes. This is the first thing we worked on together, that is to say, I considered that being able to look in the eyes - we know that autistic children have difficulty looking directly in the eyes - I said to myself, if we don't have eye contact, we have nothing. We need that, it's the beginning of human interaction." (our translation)
TW: The host uses the term “prison” in reference to autism:
"In your story that you shared with us in Les Petites Victoires, there is obviously the moment when you get up to face, to accompany your child in that reality: to learn to understand him too, inside what he lives and this prison, in a way, from which he is pressured which is basically this condition." (our translation)
Link to the interview (in French)
This scene is an example of neuronormativity
Recall that neuronormativity is the prevalent, neurotypical set of assumptions, norms, and practices that conceives of neurotypicality as the only acceptable or superior mode of cognition, and that stigmatizes attitudes, behaviors, or actions that reflect atypical modes of cognition as deviant or inferior.
This scene is told from the allist perspective and is presented with a positive outcome. In fact, as the author mentions, parents have applied this technique with their autistic children after being inspired by it.
But what if we ask autistic people how they feel about eye contact? That's exactly what we are going to do.
PART II
Why webcomics?
The medium of webcomic enables me to do something I don't know how to do otherwise: share how things feel on the inside.
Imagine. You come across a newspaper at the local coffee shop and recognize the face of a well-known personality. Yet you can't remember their name. It annoys you, you know you know it, it’s just not coming out, it stays there, on the tip of your tongue. You have time to come back to work, coffee in hand, and the name still hasn't come back to you, it still annoys you. You come across a colleague and you ask them, you describe the person, maybe clumsily at first (it would be so much easier with their name!), but you adjust to your interlocutor and, together, you can finally recall their name, it was so obvious!
It’s important to emphasize this feeling of annoyance. We rarely take the time to mention this annoyance when talking about epistemic injustices. Yet it is there, and it can even be painful: how do we make sense, to use Fricker's classic example, of our experience of sexual harassment when the concept does not yet exist? How can we share the feeling that something is wrong? This is where community comes into play and it is why the idea of "by and for" matters more than, say, a criterion of simplicity might. This is addressed by feminist epistemologies: for example, Longino argues for pragmatic values in science such as diffusion of power (as the importance of making research programs accessible to the actors involved in the research).
The impact of inadequate social representations on neurodiversity cannot be fully resolved by the traditional narrative of epistemic oppression and justice: adding new vocabulary to collective epistemic resources is not a panacea (we already have the word "autism" for example). So it is not only words that are missing, but rich and diverse lived experiences are also missing from the pool of shared resources.
The problem is that what is missing, the hermeneutical gaps, are not automatically apparent: social representations created by and for the dominant groups inadequately fill the hermeneutical gaps of marginalized groups. To that effect, let us recall here the Handi-Livre prize for the best biography which rewards works written by a person with a disability and telling his or her own experience, or by a third party on the life of a close relative with a disability: In the case of Les Petites Victoires, the award went to the biography of an allistic (non-autistic) person talking about autism. These inadequate social representations are difficult to resist: they are constantly and persistently reproduced. It is even harder when you don't have the words to replace theirs. But do we really have to wait for the right words to share our experiences? This is where illustration can become an attention grabbing action like shouting: an action that does not need words. This is what we propose here: a form of non-propositional epistemic resistance in response to hermeneutic injustice.
Webcomics are basically online comic books. They are mostly instantiated as short comics that take many forms and cover many topics. The most common form of webcomic is probably the blog (sometimes autobiographical, sometimes entirely fictional, sometimes both). Because they are mostly published independently by their artists, webcomics are an art form that is not limited by institutionalized power dynamics such as publishing houses or art galleries.
But the most important thing for us here is that webcomics are able to generate aesthetic experiences that allow viewers to better understand different aspects of the lived experience of neurodivergent people despite the inadequacy of mainstream epistemic resources.
In some ways, webcomics are a digital version of street art.
Although limited to a given geographical space for street art and to a particular digital platform for webcomics, there is this common idea where it is not so much the public that goes to the creation as the creation that goes to the public. We are no longer in a reserved and predefined space like a museum, a bookstore, a gallery or even a library.
Although a recognized artist can make street art, it is more difficult for an artist who does not belong to a complex and influential network to access some places of diffusion such as an art gallery. Webcomic is thus added to the tools that allow the production, use and transmission of more accurate social representations, participating in the collective understandings of the oppressions suffered by epistemically marginalized groups. The public and interactional aspects of social media that support webcomics make them a catalyst for direct dialogue with (but also within and between) marginalized communities.
To put our epistemic resistance into action,
and to enhance our imaginative ressources, we chose to gather first-personal testimonies and descriptions of how eye contact can feel for autists.
After all, who better to provide insight into a given lived experience than those who live it? To do so, we used social media (instagram and facebook) to ask autistic followers of our webcomic (@lilyspectrum): How does eye contact feel to you? Although we are neurodivergent, it was important for us to go with the community beyond our individual experiences. For instance, we would never have thought of the sunburn idea on our own, but once we read those testimonies, it felt right.
Both posts were made on November 8, and three days later, on November 11, we had received 175 testimonies. A few major themes emerged from these testimonies, which we used to base 7 webcomics or illustrations on. Keep in mind that, with this process, we do not claim to represent all there is to express about autists’ first-personal experience of eye contact. In fact, we suggest you visit these posts yourself to better understand the varied responses we got, and are still getting. And who knows, maybe this will allow you to add your own insight.
Publication
Since Monday, we have started to publish these comics on our social networks and we will continue to publish them in the following days
The interactions that take place around such webcomics are, we believe, an integral part of their complete aesthetic experience. These interactions often bring about clarifications, complementary details and descriptions or even added meaning. We thus invite you to visit these posts and interact with the community.
Webcomics
"
). I never know what to do, if I'm looking to much or not enough and always use a whole lot of energy just on eye contact. Generally, the more comfortable I feel the less I look someone in the eyes. (Also eyes as a body part make me feel really icky so that's that)."
Thank you for joining us in this exploration!
We hope this experience was (and will be) as enriching for you as it was for us to come up with. We invite you to engage with us and the community through our posts or in the comments bellow!
This was nicely structured. Discover more at https://speakerdeck.com/gundanwyaa
dark web marketplaces https://github.com/tormarkets2025ukaz1/tormarkets2025 darknet websites
I think it’s vital for potential clients to know about the range of accident cases h truck accident attorneys
Для купирования симптомов и профилактики рецидивов врач подбирает индивидуальные препараты, которые могут включать седативные средства, витамины и противосудорожные препараты. Лечение проводится под строгим контролем специалиста, который следит за реакцией пациента и при необходимости корректирует терапию.
Исследовать вопрос подробнее – нарколог на дом недорого в красноярске
Наркологическая клиника “Ресурс здоровья” — специализированное медицинское учреждение, предназначенное для оказания профессиональной помощи лицам, страдающим от алкогольной и наркотической зависимости. Наша цель — предоставить эффективные методы лечения и поддержку, чтобы помочь пациентам преодолеть пагубное пристрастие и восстановить контроль над своей жизнью.Миссия клиники заключается в содействии восстановлению здоровья и социальной реинтеграции людей, столкнувшихся с проблемой зависимости. Мы стремимся к комплексному решению этой сложной задачи, учитывая физические, психологические и социальные аспекты зависимости. Наша задача — не только помочь избавиться от пагубного пристрастия, но и обеспечить успешную реадаптацию пациентов в обществе.Ключевым направлением нашей работы является индивидуализация лечения. Мы понимаем, что каждый пациент уникален, поэтому проводим тщательную диагностику, изучая медицинскую историю, психологический профиль и социальные факторы. На основе этих данных разрабатываем персональные планы терапии, включающие медикаментозное лечение, психотерапевтические методы и социальные программы.Кроме того, клиника “Ресурс здоровья” делает акцент на профилактике рецидивов. Мы обучаем пациентов навыкам управления стрессом, эмоциональному регулированию и формированию здорового образа жизни. Наша цель — обеспечить долгосрочное восстановление и снизить риск возвращения к пагубным привычкам.Врачебный состав клиники “Ресурс здоровья” состоит из высококвалифицированных специалистов в области наркологии. Наши врачи-наркологи имеют обширный опыт работы с зависимыми пациентами и постоянно совершенствуют свои навыки.
Получить дополнительные сведения – вывод из запоя на дому краснодар круглосуточно
where can i buy lanoxin no prescription
Appreciate the great suggestions. For more, visit تعرفه ادمین اینستاگرام
Valuable information! Find more at https://hcgdietinfo.com/hcgdietforums/members/fabetgnd/
В этой статье собраны факты, которые освещают целый ряд важных вопросов. Мы стремимся предложить читателям четкую, достоверную информацию, которая поможет сформировать собственное мнение и лучше понять сложные аспекты рассматриваемой темы.
Подробнее тут – https://nindofficial.org/hello-world
darknet drug market https://github.com/darknetdruglinksvojns/darknetdruglinks dark markets 2025
Thanks for the great content. More at https://doodleordie.com/play
This was a wonderful post. Check out https://git.fuwafuwa.moe/gambai88cc for more
I enjoyed this article. Check out https://www.tripline.net/nohu88cc/ for more
Wonderful tips! Discover more at water damage restoration near me
I recently transformed my backyard with beautiful paver stone pathways, and it completely changed the look of my garden! If you’re considering an upgrade stone patio pavers installation cost
Estou organizando uma viagem com amigos para a Riviera Francesa e suas dicas foram super úteis! Vou continuar explorando em interações com franceses em paris
A importância da higiene dental não pode ser subestimada. Uma boa clínica dentária faz toda a diferença! #Recomendo a minha sistema de gestão de consultorio odontologico
Ищете салон красоты для ухода за ногтями? Подборка лучших вариантов здесь: https://aurabliss.click/manikyur/7557-manikyur-i-pedikyur-mitino.php Лучшие идеи для маникюра.
Thanks for the useful suggestions. Discover more at https://maps.app.goo.gl/SvMXtAtXLHPEN9JR8
I recently experienced my very first limo ride, and it was wonderful! The ambiance inside was fantastic. For more on exactly how to schedule one, look into american limo
Thank you for sharing your knowledge on this topic—it has inspired me to consider collaborating with experts at Social Cali of Rocklin soon! professional marketing agency
Great insights! Find more at Cannabis Store Near Me
Anyone else consider using long distance moving company for their long-distance moves from Queens? They seem top-notch!
Переходите на официальный сайт Селектор казино, чтобы погрузиться в мир самых современных и увлекательных слотов, регулярных турниров и лотерей с крупными призовыми фондами! Регистрируйтесь и играйте в любимые автоматы 24/7 даже при блокировках благодаря обширной базе рабочих зеркал! selector casino вход
Finding motivation for the duration of a exercise session slump is usually demanding; the following are innovations that helped me bounce back: personal trainer newark de
Стоимость услуг в Екатеринбурге может различаться в зависимости от конкретного случая. Консультация нарколога обычно стоит от 3 000 до 5 000 рублей, тогда как услуга вывода из запоя обойдётся в 5 000–12 000 рублей. Более комплексные программы, такие как детоксикация организма или курсы лечения, могут стоить от 10 000 до 20 000 рублей.
Углубиться в тему – нарколог на дом стоимость екатеринбург
Influencer marketing is changing the game! Collaborating with a marketing agency can help you find the right influencers marketing agency santa rosa
This was beautifully organized. Discover more at kitchen remodeling company
For anyone in Yaletown looking for a great massage therapy clinic RMT Vancouver West End
Нарколог, приезжающий на дом, предоставляет широкий спектр услуг. Основная цель — стабилизировать состояние пациента и начать лечение, направленное на устранение последствий зависимости.
Разобраться лучше – https://narcolog-na-dom-v-krasnoyarske55.ru/
I loved this post about social media advertising in San Jose! For further information, visit digital marketing agency
I’ve been looking into hormone therapy options in Lakewood, WA Lakewood medical spa
This was a wonderful post. Check out هزینه عمل لیزیک چشم ۱۴۰۴ for more
Dzięki profesjonalnej obsłudze finansowej mogę skupić się na rozwijaniu swojego biznesu – dziękuję #aniKeyWord# biuro rachunkowe
Tattoo Machines for Every Artist. Looking for the best tattoo machine? We offer a wide range of rotary and pen machines with high power and precision. Whether you need black or color tattoo supplies, we have it all in our shop. Why Choose Our Machines? High-quality grips for comfort. New rotary designs for smooth operation. Best price on sale items. Fast shipping on all orders. Skip the search and add to cart now! Check out more at https://bluerosetattooshop.com/
Thanks for the practical tips. More at Massage Therapist Near Me
Какие нужные слова… супер, замечательная фраза
Other browsers for similar carry out activities, not will disappear. Use safari: Open website of the casino where you want file in Aviator game download only in safari.
здесь bsme at
Хотите отправить красивые мерцающие открытки с Днем Рождения Оленке? Подборка лучших вариантов здесь: https://lastik.life/den-rozhdeniya/12337-s-dnem-rozhdeniya-olenka-otkritki-krasivie-mertsayushie.php Яркие поздравления.
Excellent suggestions on pet dog grooming! I always deal with brushing my canine’s thick coat pet spa mobile services
Esse post me lembrou que preciso marcar uma consulta na minha erp clinica odontologica
Medicines information leaflet. Drug Class.
where to buy generic ramipril pills
All what you want to know about drugs. Read information now.
Medicines information leaflet. Drug Class.
order synthroid without dr prescription
Best trends of pills. Get information now.
If your home is in need of a facelift commercial pressure washing league city
Howdy would you mind letting me know which web host you’re working with?
I’ve loaded your blog in 3 different browsers and I must say this blog loads a lot faster then most.
Can you suggest a good hosting provider at a reasonable price?
Thanks, I appreciate it!
This was very insightful. Check out top roulette software options for more
Your assistance about content administration methods is amazingly worthwhile! Houston agencies need to unquestionably leverage them because of providers like – Local SEO
Миссия клиники “Вера в себя” заключается в содействии восстановлению и реабилитации людей, столкнувшихся с проблемами зависимости. Мы стремимся к комплексному решению этой сложной задачи, учитывая физические, психологические и социальные аспекты зависимости. Наша цель — не только помочь пациентам избавиться от физической зависимости, но и обеспечить их психологическое благополучие и социальную интеграцию.Ключевым элементом нашей работы является индивидуальный подход к каждому пациенту. Мы понимаем, что зависимость имеет различные причины и проявления, поэтому проводим тщательную диагностику, включающую медицинские, психологические и социальные факторы. На основе этих данных разрабатываются персонализированные планы лечения, которые могут включать в себя медикаментозную терапию, психотерапевтические методы и социальные программы.Кроме того, клиника “Вера в себя” предлагает специализированную помощь в следующих областях.Кодирование от алкоголя: Мы применяем современные методы кодирования, такие как кодирование по Довженко, кодирование по методу Эссера и другие, чтобы помочь пациентам контролировать тягу к алкоголю.Лечение от наркотической зависимости: Наши специалисты имеют опыт работы с различными видами наркотиков, включая лечение от марихуаны, кокаина, опиатов и других веществ. Мы используем комплексный подход, включающий медикаментозную терапию, психологическое сопровождение и социальную поддержку.
Получить дополнительную информацию – вывод из запоя недорого уфа
I just learned about the benefits of pressure washing from Power Washing —definitely going to schedule an
https://netsahara.ru/ – Официальный сайт для заказа кухонь.