"Neurodiversity through Webcomics: Using Aesthetic Experiences for Epistemic Resistance"
At the heart of the ideas proposed in today's panel is that of epistemic enablement through trajectories other than propositional, which can be offered by aesthetic experience.
PANEL
"Dancing Toward Epistemic Justice: An Embodied Account of Epistemic Agency"
Amandine Catala and Camille Zimmermann covered the example of dance, an embodied account of epistemic enablement.
PhD Candidate - Philosophy (UQAM)
Camille Zimmermann
zimmermann.camille@courrier.uqam.ca
Professor - Philosophy (UQAM)
Amandine Catala
catala.amandine@uqam.ca
"Comics and Epistemic Enablement"
Luc Faucher discussed the medium of comics in the context of neurodiversity, again as epistemic enablement.
Professor - Philosophy (UQAM)
Luc Faucher
"Neurodiversity through Webcomics: Using Aesthetic Experiences for Epistemic Resistance"
We now continue with webcomics.
PhD Candidate - Philosophy (UQAM)
Mylène Legault
legault.mylene.2@courrier.uqam.ca
PhD Candidate - Philosophy (UQAM)
Jean-Nicolas Bourdon
bourdon.jean-nicolas@courrier.uqam.ca
PREFACE
About the
Format
Force of habit leads us to take the established ways of doing things as fixed, even though they are circumstantial. We were able to explore this reality, for example, during the pandemic: going to the office for work meetings, which, in all honesty, could have been e-mails. We also know that cultural habits are not insignificant, they allow the reproduction of comfortable modalities of interaction for dominant groups: those with the power to choose these modalities.
For our part of the panel, we propose to do things differently. Don't worry, we're not criticizing power point presentations and their timely sip of water pauses. Instead, we're inviting you to explore an alternative modality for interaction.
Public Speaking
Many people hate public speaking. It generally comes with discomforts and even fears, but some people have cognitive profiles that function in ways far removed from this type of interaction. However, this practice is socially maintained and considered essential for meeting and sharing. But is it really necessary? Does the public space absolutely have to be occupied in an oratory and synchronous way? What if these modalities are, in fact, infused with neuronormativity?
Human society is permeated by collective cultural resources with which individuals can, among other things, interpret, understand and communicate various aspects of their experiences. Since they are collective resources, their genesis, maintenance and dissemination are a function of the power dynamics that permeate our societies. One of these power dynamics is organized around norms regarding what is considered appropriate cognitive functioning: the group whose cognition corresponds to the norm (i.e., neurotypicals) dominates and those whose cognition deviates from the norm (i.e., neurodivergent) are marginalized. This epistemic marginalization has the effect of limiting the access of neurodivergent individuals to so-called "collective" epistemic resources, both in their elaboration and in their use.Β
This norm corresponds to neuronormativity, which is presented by Amandine Catala, Luc Faucher et Pierre Poirier (2021) in their paper Autism, epistemic injustice, and epistemic disablement: a relational account of epistemic agency.Β
Neuronormativity refers to the prevalent, neurotypical set of assumptions, norms, and practices that construes neurotypicality as the sole acceptable or superior mode of cognition, and that stigmatizes attitudes, behaviors, or actions that reflect neu- roatypical modes of cognition as deviant or inferior. Neuronormative assumptions, norms, and practices uphold standards regarding, for example, (what is neurotypi- cally considered) appropriate eye contact, facial expressions, prosody, conversa- tional flow, processing, and responsivenessβall of which can be difficult for autistic individuals to understand, sense, or apply, due to neurocognitive differences. (Catala & al., 2021)
Catala, A., Faucher, L. & Poirier, P. Autism, epistemic injustice, and epistemic disablement: a relational account of epistemic agency. Synthese (2021).
For a presentation on these questions, see Epistemic justice and epistemic authority on autism, Philosophy of Psychiatry Webinar, Montreal (Amandine Catala)
Whatβs with all these neuro- words?
Neurodiversity can refer to the neurological or neurocognitive variation naturally present in the human population. The term was first introduced by Judy Singer in a book published in 1993. The term also refers to a growing sociopolitical movement that promotes the recognition and inclusion of natural neurocognitive diversity (see, for example, Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN), whose slogan is "Nothing About Us Without US!").
Nick Walker (2012) describes the neurodiversity movement as a new paradigm (the neurodiversity paradigm) in response to the pathology paradigm. It should be noted, however, that this movement has not been and is not immune to certain exclusionary mechanisms. For example, the movement began with verbal autistic individuals, but although the movement has since expanded to include many cognitive profiles, autistic individuals (and more recently ADHD individuals) still seem to dominate the movement.
Walker, N. (2012). Throw away the master's tools: Liberating ourselves from the pathology paradigm. Loud hands: Autistic people, speaking, 225-237.
Some progress can also be noted with the recent publication of "Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm" (Rosqvist et al., 2020), which illustrates the growing acceptance of this sociopolitical movement by the scientific community.
Rosqvist, H. B., Chown, N., & Stenning, A. (2020). Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm. Routledge.
Refers to individuals who fit the norm of cognitive functioning.
Neurodivergence belongs to a normative vocabulary. It requires a norm, which can be qualitative or quantitative, to distinguish typical from atypical neurocognitive profiles among natural neurological variation. However, the narrative is not so simple; cognition is a complex and dynamic process, and simply distinguishing between neurotypical and neuroatypical individuals shapes, at least in part, the cognition of those same individuals. Note that these criteria, quantitative or qualitative, are generally chosen for medical, practical, economic or moral reasons: because a type is considered "more functional", "more adapted, evolutionarily", "easier to interact with", "less demanding in resources" more characteristic of a human life worth living", etc.
Refers to individuals who do not fit the norm for cognitive functioning.
For those who are curious, we address these "neuro- words" here :
- Legault, M., Bourdon, J. & Poirier, P. (2021). From neurodiversity to neurodivergence by way of epistemic marginalization, Epistemological Issues in Neurodivergence and Atypical Cognition. Synthese.
- Legault, M., Bourdon, J. & Poirier, P. (2019) Neurocognitive variety in neurotypical environments: the source of βdeficitsβ in autism, Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science (JBBS), vol.9, 246-272.
This is all well and good in theory, but what does it have to do with our presentation?
What we are trying to say - probably with too many words - is that those with cognitive profiles similar to ours tend to feel unsafe in traditional academic frameworks. This very presentation is the perfect opportunity to experiment with an alternative format where we can occupy the epistemic space and exist as we are. When the parameters of a common space of exchange only correspond to one type of cognitive profile, neurotypical profiles in this case, there can hardly be any exchange that is fair and inclusive. Our hope is that offering this alternative might open this type of space to those who remain outside the exchange.
Although this is an aside before we get into our main topic, you will notice that the form of our presentation reproduces our subject: the online viewing of webcomics, that is, asynchronous interactions around a shared representation, or the infamous content.
What a great question! Of course. If we have different cognitive and processing profiles with different modalities of expression, we can expect adjustments in synchronicity. Strategies for better epistemic justice include suspending judgment, giving the time, respecting varied forms of exchange and being open to different modalities of exchange.
Feel free to contact us for any comments and input into this exploration:
legault.mylene.2@courrier.uqam.ca
bourdon.jean-nicolas@courrier.uqam.ca
PART I
This is Marc, stand in for the author: Yvon Roy
This is his son, Olivier, who is autistic.
Les Petites Victoires showcases the fight of a father for his son, diagnosed with autism "in order to transform an announced defeat into small victories" (sic, our translation).
In his preface, Roy explains the contextualises the creation of his comic book:
"The idea was first suggested to me by a special educator who had worked with my son. She thought that what we had accomplished together was worth sharing so that other parents could find, through our experience, some useful information, if not a little hope" (our translation).
Interview
"When I started working with my boy to help him, with all the professionals in the field, I realized that often we were told, or they tried to tell us, that we had to work on living with autism, on accommodating autism. How we had to deal with different crises, different problems, whereas I thought, well, no, it's better, definitely, to try to overcome it than to live with it. And that's been kind of my master idea, let's say, for years with my boy, which is to try to push the boundaries constantly, always further." (Our translation)
Why choose this comic book?
This comic book is an example of a creation that is easily accessible to the general public that has been awarded and highly publicized - even winning an award that recognizes works written by a person living with a disability and recounting their own experience, or by a third party about the life of a relative living with a disability. In 2018, the publisher Rue de Sèvres announced a contract for a film adaptation, which caused reactions and led to the hashtag :
#boycottlespetitesvictoires
As we will show, this is an example of the social representations of autism that perpetuate dominant understandings that do not fit the lived experience of those directly concerned to the point of being discriminatory. It is also difficult to identify moments when the child (the autistic character) shows agentivity. Instead, heβs passive in his fatherβs story. In a way, Olivier is only a supporting character. This is exaclty why representation doesn't mean autorepresentation and why "nothing about us whitout us" matters: although this comic is presented as a positive narrative from the allist perspective (3rd person), the story is completely different from the standpoint of the autistic communityβs testimonies (1st person).
An allist person is a non-autistic person.
To understand the term "allist", we must go back to the origin of the word "autistic" which comes from the Greek word "autos" which means "self". So the word "autistic" initially referred to a person withdrawn on themself, who lives in their own world. The term "allist" appeared in a satirical article to refer to non-autistic people by swaping βautosβ for "allos" which refers to others. So an allist is a person who is focused on others or, to flip the usual narrative, a person who lives in other peopleβs worlds.
In spite of the satire, the term βallistβ has remained in use among others because it allows to distinguish between "neurotypicals" and "allists". There are people who are not autistic, but who are not neurotypical: a non-autistic dyslexic person, for example.
For a deconstruction
of the problematic propositions of the comic book:
But do you know the story from the autistic communityβs perspective?
This is where webcomics can serve as an accessible tool that allows the reversal of dominant representations by opening the floor to self-representations directly grounded in marginalized communities. But before continuing with the topic of webcomics, we wish to feature an excerpt from Les Petites Victoires that addresses a frequent theme in autism: eye contact.
Excerpt on eye contact
English translation
English translation
Excerpt from Yvon Roy's interview
"I worked a bit like we can work to sometimes desensitize a substance. Sometimes certain people can have an allergy, we can try to desensitize them.
Several parents have contacted me regarding the trick to get the child to look in the eyes. This is the first thing we worked on together, that is to say, I considered that being able to look in the eyes - we know that autistic children have difficulty looking directly in the eyes - I said to myself, if we don't have eye contact, we have nothing.Β We need that, it's the beginning of human interaction." (our translation)
TW: The host uses the term βprisonβ in reference to autism:
"In your story that you shared with us in Les Petites Victoires, there is obviously the moment when you get up to face, to accompany your child in that reality: to learn to understand him too, inside what he lives and this prison, in a way, from which he is pressured which is basically this condition." (our translation)
Link to the interview (in French)
This scene is an example of neuronormativity
Recall that neuronormativity is the prevalent, neurotypical set of assumptions, norms, and practices that conceives of neurotypicality as the only acceptable or superior mode of cognition, and that stigmatizes attitudes, behaviors, or actions that reflect atypical modes of cognition as deviant or inferior.
This scene is told from the allist perspective and is presented with a positive outcome. In fact, as the author mentions, parents have applied this technique with their autistic children after being inspired by it.
But what if we ask autistic people how they feel about eye contact? That's exactly what we are going to do.
PART II
Why webcomics?
The medium of webcomic enables me to do something I don't know how to do otherwise: share how things feel on the inside.
Imagine. You come across a newspaper at the local coffee shop and recognize the face of a well-known personality. Yet you can't remember their name. It annoys you, you know you know it, itβs just not coming out, it stays there, on the tip of your tongue. You have time to come back to work, coffee in hand, and the name still hasn't come back to you, it still annoys you. You come across a colleague and you ask them, you describe the person, maybe clumsily at first (it would be so much easier with their name!), but you adjust to your interlocutor and, together, you can finally recall their name, it was so obvious!
Itβs important to emphasize this feeling of annoyance. We rarely take the time to mention this annoyance when talking about epistemic injustices. Yet it is there, and it can even be painful: how do we make sense, to use Fricker's classic example, of our experience of sexual harassment when the concept does not yet exist? How can we share the feeling that something is wrong? This is where community comes into play and it is why the idea of "by and for" matters more than, say, a criterion of simplicity might. This is addressed by feminist epistemologies: for example, Longino argues for pragmatic values in science such as diffusion of power (as the importance of making research programs accessible to the actors involved in the research).
The impact of inadequate social representations on neurodiversity cannot be fully resolved by the traditional narrative of epistemic oppression and justice: adding new vocabulary to collective epistemic resources is not a panacea (we already have the word "autism" for example). So it is not only words that are missing, but rich and diverse lived experiences are also missing from the pool of shared resources.
The problem is that what is missing, the hermeneutical gaps, are not automatically apparent: social representations created by and for the dominant groups inadequately fill the hermeneutical gaps of marginalized groups. To that effect, let us recall here the Handi-Livre prize for the best biography which rewards works written by a person with a disability and telling his or her own experience, or by a third party on the life of a close relative with a disability: In the case of Les Petites Victoires, the award went to the biography of an allistic (non-autistic) person talking about autism. These inadequate social representations are difficult to resist: they are constantly and persistently reproduced. It is even harder when you don't have the words to replace theirs. But do we really have to wait for the right words to share our experiences? This is where illustration can become an attention grabbing action like shouting: an action that does not need words. This is what we propose here: a form of non-propositional epistemic resistance in response to hermeneutic injustice.
Webcomics are basically online comic books. They are mostly instantiated as short comics that take many forms and cover many topics. The most common form of webcomic is probably the blog (sometimes autobiographical, sometimes entirely fictional, sometimes both). Because they are mostly published independently by their artists, webcomics are an art form that is not limited by institutionalized power dynamics such as publishing houses or art galleries.
But the most important thing for us here is that webcomics are able to generate aesthetic experiences that allow viewers to better understand different aspects of the lived experience of neurodivergent people despite the inadequacy of mainstream epistemic resources.
In some ways, webcomics are a digital version of street art.
Although limited to a given geographical space for street art and to a particular digital platform for webcomics, there is this common idea where it is not so much the public that goes to the creation as the creation that goes to the public. We are no longer in a reserved and predefined space like a museum, a bookstore, a gallery or even a library.
Although a recognized artist can make street art, it is more difficult for an artist who does not belong to a complex and influential network to access some places of diffusion such as an art gallery. Webcomic is thus added to the tools that allow the production, use and transmission of more accurate social representations, participating in the collective understandings of the oppressions suffered by epistemically marginalized groups. The public and interactional aspects of social media that support webcomics make them a catalyst for direct dialogue with (but also within and between) marginalized communities.
To put our epistemic resistance into action,
and to enhance our imaginative ressources, we chose to gather first-personal testimonies and descriptions of how eye contact can feel for autists.
After all, who better to provide insight into a given lived experience than those who live it? To do so, we used social media (instagram and facebook) to ask autistic followers of our webcomic (@lilyspectrum): How does eye contact feel to you? Although we are neurodivergent, it was important for us to go with the community beyond our individual experiences. For instance, we would never have thought of the sunburn idea on our own, but once we read those testimonies, it felt right.
Both posts were made on November 8, and three days later, on November 11, we had received 175 testimonies. A few major themes emerged from these testimonies, which we used to base 7 webcomics or illustrations on. Keep in mind that, with this process, we do not claim to represent all there is to express about autistsβ first-personal experience of eye contact. In fact, we suggest you visit these posts yourself to better understand the varied responses we got, and are still getting. And who knows, maybe this will allow you to add your own insight.
Publication
Since Monday, we have started to publish these comics on our social networks and we will continue to publish them in the following days
The interactions that take place around such webcomics are, we believe, an integral part of their complete aesthetic experience. These interactions often bring about clarifications, complementary details and descriptions or even added meaning. We thus invite you to visit these posts and interact with the community.
Webcomics
"I can do it but I canβt process anything else while doing it. My natural instinct and what feels the most right is to not look at someoneβs face at all"
"It was drilled into me as a "rule" of politeness. I view it as just that, a rule. It's easy when there's multiple people because I can look around. But with one person, I have to look away or I end apparently end up staring"
"Everyone insisted on it, especially when they really wanted to correct a behavior or ensure I was paying attention. I honestly still don't love it, and prefer to look at noses or eyebrows to provide the impression I'm making eye contact"
"Eye contact was enforced during my childhood in mostly abusive ways and while it taught me to fake it, that made me hate it even more. Generally it just makes me uncomfortable and I find it quite distracting but it's also one of the most tiresome things to mask."
"Eye contact feels like they're staring into my soul, but with knives. I can make short eye contact before wanting to cry."
"It takes a concerted effort except for specific people."
"Iβve been so conditioned to make eye contact with people that when I met a lot of my friends for the first time they were kinda weirded out by me unblinkingly paying attention to them when they talked like πππ"
"It feels like someone is looking right past all my defenses and directly into my head. Not very pleasant."
"Terrifiant, j'ai vraiment l'impression qu'on me transperce Γ chaque fois β¦"
"Like I am being stabbed in the brain, itchy under the scalp, or suffocating. Anxiety is anxiety. I look at people's foreheads. They never know the difference but I am not forced to juggle the pain of eye contact and try to communicate. I am mostly non verbal and eye contact guarantees no words."
"Γa me met vraiment mal Γ l'aise et j'ai peur qu'on puisse mal interprΓ©ter si je regarde pas "correctement", je sais pas si je dois regarder quelqu'un dans les yeux ou combien de temps, il faut surtout pas que je regarde autre chose chez lui que ses yeux et du coup je sais pas quoi faire je prΓ©fΓ¨re regarder le mur derriΓ¨re mon interlocuteur π"
"Tout dΓ©pendra de la situation, de ma fatigue et de la personne. Certains contacts peuvent Γͺtre transperΓ§ants (douloureux), d'autres envoutants (confusants), d'autres destabilisants (perturbants). En tous cas, si je regarde qqn dans les yeux, je suis sΓ»r de perdre mon fil de pensΓ©e et/ou d'accorder mes rΓ©ponses Γ ce que la personne ressent."
"Eye contact feels like burning discomfort, especially when I'm being told to do it."
"Itβs extremely hard for me to maintain eye contact, and when people express to me that I should be looking at them when Iβm talking to them, it puts me under more stress than just talking to them in the first place"
"somehow being told we should be making eye contact feels like being reprimanded as a child, at least to me.. I can't count the amount of times my mother would tell me to look her in the eyes as a child, and how humiliating/stressful it felt.. I legit forget to listen to people because I'm too busy trying to maintain eye contact."
"At best, awkward and uncomfortable. At worst, like someone's stabbed me in the eyes."
"It makes me uncomfortable but my mother forces me to look people in the eyes"
"Painful, but I feel like if I don't look ill be punished or called a liar. So I trained myself to look at something over their shoulder if not their foreheads to avoid harassment."
"Habituellement je regarde plutôt la bouche ou le nez des gens et ça semble passer crème pour donner l'illusion que je regarde dans les yeux (j'ai eu droit à l'expert en haute potentialité qui me disait que c'était impossible que je sois autiste car.. je le regardais dans les yeux ! Je regardais sa bouche depuis le début de l'entretien..). Je ne me force au contact visuel que de manière consciente et dans de rares cas précis : [suite]
(suite) par exemple si je suis attiré romantiquement par quelqu'un et désire que cette personne le perçoive (vu que le contact visuel accru est interprété de cette façon par beaucoup de neurotypiques). Mais cela reste un sacré effort et en général je détourne les yeux très rapidement, ça me met mal à l'aise, c'en est presque physique. Récemment un de nos profs en cours nous a fait faire une série d'exercices où on devait marcher vers quelqu'un/revenir à sa place à reculons en gardant le contact visuel constant avec cette personne.. je vous laisse deviner la torture que c'était"
"Transperçant!"
"J'ai l'impression que les yeux de la personne me percent Γ l'intΓ©rieur, je sais pas comment dire, c'est une sensation d'oppression aiguΓ«."
"For me, looking in the eyes feels too exposed and open. It makes me feel like I can't hide and protect myself from the people."
"Eye contact makes me uncomfortable most of the time, because of the feeling that I am being silently judged or getting talked about negatively."
"It's fine when I'm listening to someone but when I'm the one talking it makes me get stage fright like I'm being put on the spot to judge for performance lol"
"Too intimate, inappropriateβ¦ I become incredibly self conscious as well, like am I doing eye contact right? Should I be mirroring their behavior or a close approximation or complete opposite? How many times should I blink? Can they tell Iβm faking this human interaction? Itβs incredibly stressful."
"It feels like something is a required check box. Itβs like a math problem. Look, one, two, three. Okay. Look away. Zone out if you need to. Okay, itβs been 10ish seconds. Look back. One, two, three.. okay, look away! Donβt share at them! Wait! Youβve looked away too long! Look back! β¦..itβs that on repeat quite often lol"
"I hate it I get so nervous and then I break down."
"I don't like it, makes me really uncomfortable. I'm "good at it", because I mask well (π¬). I never know what to do, if I'm looking to much or not enough and always use a whole lot of energy just on eye contact. Generally, the more comfortable I feel the less I look someone in the eyes. (Also eyes as a body part make me feel really icky so that's that)."
"Intimidating and uncomfortable, I feel too vulnerable and keep thinking am I doing this right?"
"Γa me met vraiment mal Γ l'aise et j'ai peur qu'on puisse mal interprΓ©ter si je regarde pas "correctement", je sais pas si je dois regarder quelqu'un dans les yeux ou combien de temps, il faut surtout pas que je regarde autre chose chez lui que ses yeux et du coup je sais pas quoi faire je prΓ©fΓ¨re regarder le mur derriΓ¨re mon interlocuteur π"
"Eh bien, quand jβΓ©tais petit, je parlais et Γ©coutais souvent le monde sans les regarder dans les yeux. Maintenant, Γ§a me dΓ©range pas de parler et Γ©couter avec le contact visuel, mais jβpeux trΓ¨s bien comprendre ce que le monde me dit sans obligatoirement les regarder dans les yeux. Aussi, cβest vrai que Γ§a me rend un peu mal Γ lβaise quand des inconnus me fixe du regard. Cβest comme sβils me jugeaient et jβsais pas ce que jβai fait de mal."
"Direct eye contact feels like I am being judged. It also makes me feel uncomfortable because I become unable to perceive and read the rest of their body language."
"DΓ©munie, nue. PercΓ©e Γ jour. Cβest trΓ¨s fort comme sensation, et rarement agrΓ©able. Jβy arrive avec mes enfants ou mon mari, mais mΓͺme dans ce cas, pas trop longtemps. Si je veux tenir une conversation, et me concentrer, alors je dois ruser. Je regarde entre les deux yeux ou le plus souvent la bouche."
"Feel nausea and anxiety, and extremely naked. Yet my mother was adamant that I learned it and therefore I am able to do it, despite the uncomfortable feelings. Absolutely love your work, for once I can tell that I am not alone"
"I feel instant stress and I have to force myself to do it and to look "natural"."
"Honestly, each time it happens to me, the most awkward feeling I have is Β« where should I look exactly Β» ? When you make eye contact, are you expected to focus one eye specifically (which one, then ?), between the eyes, not focus at all, or try a weird way of having each eye "looking" into the facing one (i.e. my left eye "looking at" their right one and vice-versa) ? I'm also never sure if/when eye contact is expected, and when it happens, is there/what is the hidden message behind this specific contact, and/or am I sending an incorrect hidden message myself ? Then, with all these questions actively consuming my brain "computing power", everything else totally miss the point (sometimes, though, I can hide this issue because I have this kind of ability to "replay" the last few words/sentence I unconsciously heard, to process it with a delay but potentially without the proper context- so it's not reliable at all !!).β¨"
"Weird and artificial. I can actually read people's eyes now, but it took me years to learn it."
"My parents rasied me to always look into the eyes, still feels wrong. Like, I am invaiding a personal space and being rude. Like trying to stare down their soul and violating their privacy. I still try to look at people in the eyes but have learned to just looks in differents points in the face so I don't seem rude."
"Eye contact feels too intimate to me for most interactions. If I make eye contact with you, itβs because itβs important.β¨"
"Eye contact feels very intimate. If Iβm forced to hold it for too long, I feel violated, like Iβve been touched without consent."
"I really hate eye contact in almost all circumstances. About the only exception is with someone I'm very intimate with. Eye contact feels extremely intimate to me in general so it only feels natural when it's with someone I've got a suitably intimate emotional connection to. Otherwise it feels like I'm staring into someone's soul and I can see everything and they're staring into mine and seeing the same (even if I know they're not)."
"Invasive, extremely personal. I'm only comfortable looking my husband in the eyes"
"It feels like Iβm standing too close to someone, I donβt know if thatβs too vague of a comparison but it feels way too intimate. So I only do it when necessary or when Iβm comfortable with that person."
"It feels creepy to me"
"I don't like it, makes me really uncomfortable. I'm "good at it", because I mask well (π¬). I never know what to do, if I'm looking to much or not enough and always use a whole lot of energy just on eye contact. Generally, the more comfortable I feel the less I look someone in the eyes. (Also eyes as a body part make me feel really icky so that's that)."
"I hate eye contact. It almost hurts. But itβs nessesary to have a successful professional life, and my parents trained me well as a child. They would ask me peopleβs eye color after I met them to see if I made eye contact. Being trained like that at a very young age was incredibly difficult and felt unfair, but Iβm very grateful that they pushed me now that Iβm an adult."
"I can't do it, it makes me feel funny in a bad way and makes me feel kind of .. unsafe? and uncomfy I don't exactly know the word for the first one, I don't mind people looking at me but I won't look back"
"It's incredibly intimate and overwhelmingly so, particularly with strangers. And the more my emotions are revved up, the less I can tolerate it. It genuinely feels as though someone can see into my mind almost, even though I know that they can't. On the plus side, when I'm with someone I deeply, deeply love, sometimes that's okay because I want them to see how much I love them... but then that tends to make THEM feel awkward and uncomfortable too. LOL For me, it falls into the same category as standing too close, invading personal space, touching someone without consent etc. It's intimate, and can very easily become violating when you don't want it. And that;s so hard to explain to NT folk who expect you to look them in the eye all the time."
"It's okay with people I know, but I don't feel comfortable with eye contact with strangers, it almost feels like an invasion of privacy."
"eye contact feels so weird and creepy and if i have to make eye contact with someone, then ill quickly feel exhausted."
"It feels like a boundary rupture unless I completely and totally feel comfortable in a container of safety with another it probably wonβt happen much."
"Well... I can't let anyone touch my eyeballs."
"Trop intrusif. Comme si l autre avait la perception de mes pensΓ©es. C est comme se montrer nue."
"Intense/ overwhelming/ fiery/ intrusive. Sometimes painful/ always difficult with strangers. Ok with intimate friends and family."
"DΓ©munie, nue. PercΓ©e Γ jour. Cβest trΓ¨s fort comme sensation, et rarement agrΓ©able. Jβy arrive avec mes enfants ou mon mari, mais mΓͺme dans ce cas, pas trop longtemps. Si je veux tenir une conversation, et me concentrer, alors je dois ruser. Je regarde entre les deux yeux ou le plus souvent la bouche."
"Feel nausea and anxiety, and extremely naked. Yet my mother was adamant that I learned it and therefore I am able to do it, despite the uncomfortable feelings. Absolutely love your work, for once I can tell that I am not alone"
"confronting and very intimate ..i feel naked"
"Quelque chose d'extrΓͺmement intime, que je ne peux pas partager avec n'importe qui sinon je suis dΓ©stabilisΓ©e car je bloque sur cette sensation d'intimitΓ© forcΓ©e. Depuis le diagnostic, je me permets de ne plus regarder le visage des gens (je ne travaille pas). Quel soulagement!"
"Eye contact feels like they're staring into my soul, but with knives. I can make short eye contact before wanting to cry."
"Itβs like being asked to look directly at the sun. I flinch, I canβt do itβ¦"
"It feels like they gonna shoot me with laserbeams. Like Cyclops from X-Men. I van handle it for 10 seconds. I get panick attacks of it's to long. Even with my bf makes me on edge. I got a major panic attack during a being social etc exam (idk how it's in English is). It was so bad. They let me past because otherwise i needed to do the whole year over."
"Feels like Iβm staring at the sun and I can only look a person in the eyes for 30 seconds or so before my eyes start to hurt a bit. I can only look animals in the eye."
"Like flames of intense awkwardness are scorching my retinas."
"When I was younger I always had trouble making eye contact. Iβve gotten better at it in recent years but its still painful to me."
"Eye contact feels like burning discomfort, especially when I'm being told to do it."
"Γa me demande beaucoup de concentration. J'ai l'impression que Γ§a me fait mal aux yeux et quand j'Γ©tais plus jeune je pouvais mΓͺme ne plus vraiment entendre ce que la personne me disait. Par contre ce n'est plus un problΓ¨me quand je me mets vraiment en colΓ¨re au point de vouloir me battre."
"Ca va de la gΓͺne Γ la sensation de brΓ»lure, Γ§a dΓ©pend des personnes je suppose. On peut parfaitement regarder le nez, la bouche, entre les yeux sans que l'autre ne sen rende compte."
"I canβt think if I have to. Feels like pressure."
"Bad, I feel like my head is going to explode if I look at someone's eyes for too long. I suspect it's probably a blood pressure drop or adrenaline, but it feels awful. I honestly don't get why so many people require eye contact when speaking. I can make eye contact, but it's really difficult to understand what the person is saying because I'm too focused on how uncomfortable I feel and how incredibly awkward it is to stare at someone's eyes"
"It feels literally painful and Iβm always afraid the other person can tell what Iβm feeling/thinking. Iβm comfortable with eye contact with very trusted folks in my life though."
"Painful"
"I really hate eye contact in almost all circumstances. About the only exception is with someone I'm very intimate with. Eye contact feels extremely intimate to me in general so it only feels natural when it's with someone I've got a suitably intimate emotional connection to. Otherwise it feels like I'm staring into someone's soul and I can see everything and they're staring into mine and seeing the same (even if I know they're not)."
"I cant make eye contact with literally anyone. Its uncomfortable, and even when its not, i cant listen proberly to what people are saying when i focus on the eyes. I just cant do it at anytime with anyone, only for one second maximum. Its like staring into someone's soul, its too much."
"Jβai lβimpression dβΓͺtre absorbΓ©e par les yeux de la personne et en mΓͺme temps comme si on pouvait voir ce quβil y a Γ lβintΓ©rieur de moi."
"honestly it feels like i am being sucked into their soulβ¦ i canβt maintain it if i want a conversation because i just get lost"
"Like someone staring at my soul? I almost feel like that's the part of masking that exhausts me the most!"
"It's uncomfortable. But sometimes if I want to intimidate someone I stare deep into their eyes and make them feel unnerved like I'm looking into their soul."
"Tout dΓ©pendra de la situation, de ma fatigue et de la personne. Certains contacts peuvent Γͺtre transperΓ§ants (douloureux), d'autres envoutants (confusants), d'autres destabilisants (perturbants). En tous cas, si je regarde qqn dans les yeux, je suis sΓ»r de perdre mon fil de pensΓ©e et/ou d'accorder mes rΓ©ponses Γ ce que la personne ressent."
"Trop intrusif. Comme si l autre avait la perception de mes pensΓ©es. C est comme se montrer nue."
"Jβai lβimpression dβentrer dans lβΓ’me de la personne. Je trouve Γ§a trop privΓ©. Alors je ne regarde que ceux dont jβai vraiment envie de dΓ©couvrir ce quβil y a au plus profond dβeux mΓͺme"
"I'm okay with it for small periods of time, but if it's more than a minute, I have to look away, it makes me super uncomfortable after that"
"It took me around 2 years to be able to do eye contact (kind of struggle still-) but normally if im uncomfortable looking at the eyes, ill just look at the nose instead"
"Awkward. The longest I can probably do it is for a few seconds, but sometimes itβs physically impossible for me to look someone in the eyes even for one second."
"Γa me met juste trΓ¨s mal Γ lβaise, et du coup je prΓ©fΓ¨re regarder ailleurs et ne regarde les gens dans les yeux sβiels ne me regardent pas."
"Incapable de soutenir un eye contact sauf avec certaine personnes... Ma famille (ma mere, mon pere, ma soeur), ma nièce, mon beau frère et mon conjoint. Quelques amis specifique aussi... Mais sinon incapable. Je chercher tjrs a "évader" ses eye contact."
"Uncomfortable. I have trouble maintaining eye contact for long, especially in a conversation. However, I did figure out that talking with your hands is a great way to distract the other person's eyes from your and gives you a reason not to look at them."
"havent made eye contact with anyone (while i'm talking to them, that is) except my cats in years if that tells you anyone"
"When I was younger, it used to feel like when you held two magnets together both ends the same, it felt like no matter how hard you held them together, it would want to repel forcefully, my head wanted to repel and look past to the left or right or down or up like a magnet would, and when I managed to hold it against that feeling, my eyes would water up, not tears from sadness or anything, but they released tears, now I can manage it but it's still not comfortable to do, it depends on how comfortable I feel with the person or people or how stimulated I feel in an environment"
"Itβs like when you hold two magnets with the same polarity against each other. Even if you want to put them together they wonβt do it. The magnets are like my eyes. They just canβt center on the other persons eyes or it will cost a lot of energy. Like with holding magnets with the same polarity together. Itβs just all in all very uncomfortable and draining. Btw Iβm undiagnosed so I hope I can still answer here. Also I really really love your account and the stuff you do ^^ /g"
"Γa me met vraiment mal Γ l'aise et j'ai peur qu'on puisse mal interprΓ©ter si je regarde pas "correctement", je sais pas si je dois regarder quelqu'un dans les yeux ou combien de temps, il faut surtout pas que je regarde autre chose chez lui que ses yeux et du coup je sais pas quoi faire je prΓ©fΓ¨re regarder le mur derriΓ¨re mon interlocuteur π"
"Je me sens obligé de regarder chaque personne dans les yeux mais aussitôt que le contact est réciproque je baisse le regard aussi vite que mon ombre ainsi j'ai l'impression que j'ai fait ma part! haha! Par contre avec le monde avec qui je suis très, très à l'aise je vais quelque fois fixer les yeux, on dirait que j'essaie de comprendre pourquoi je fuis ceux des inconnus, alors je fixe en grand questionnement interne!"
"Awkward and physically painful , strong need to move my eyes away from it"
"Souvent trop intense⦠Et en plus il se passe tellement de choses autour des yeux qui m'intéressent plus et/ou me sécurisent plus! Je fixe puis je zappe, j'y reviens et je rezappe⦠Les sourcils, les lunettes, sont des bons compromis aussi, ou fixer mon regard dans le vague direction le visage ou le pourtour du visage⦠Ou fixer le visage avec une attitude très intéressée (posture corporelle de l'attention soutenue) quand la personne regarde AILLEURS, et quand son regard se tourne vers moi, fixer 1s seconde, sourire, et me tourner ailleurs vers qqn d'autre qui parle mais ne regarde pas vers moi à ce moment là , ou trouver à m'occuper avec un objet, et jongler comme ça."
"Je n'aime pas regarder sans les yeux, je ne sais pas, c'est plus fort que moi, je suis mal Γ l'aise, je ressens le besoin de regarder ailleurs. Du coup j'aime bien discuter quand je suis au resto ou quand on fait une activitΓ©, il y a l'excuse d'Γͺtre occupΓ©e en mΓͺme temps pour ne pas se regarder"
"Habituellement je regarde plutôt la bouche ou le nez des gens et ça semble passer crème pour donner l'illusion que je regarde dans les yeux (j'ai eu droit à l'expert en haute potentialité qui me disait que c'était impossible que je sois autiste car.. je le regardais dans les yeux ! Je regardais sa bouche depuis le début de l'entretien..). Je ne me force au contact visuel que de manière consciente et dans de rares cas précis : par exemple si je suis attiré romantiquement par quelqu'un et désire que cette personne le perçoive (vu que le contact visuel accru est interprété de cette façon par beaucoup de neurotypiques). Mais cela reste un sacré effort et en général je détourne les yeux très rapidement, ça me met mal à l'aise, c'en est presque physique. Récemment un de nos profs en cours nous a fait faire une série d'exercices où on devait marcher vers quelqu'un/revenir à sa place à reculons en gardant le contact visuel constant avec cette personne.. je vous laisse deviner la torture que c'était"
"Lorsque c'est quelqu'un avec qui je suis Γ l'aise ca va Γ une certaine distance mais de trop prΓͺt je ressens un malaise assez vite. Si j'ai le malheur de croisΓ© le regard avec un(e) inconnu(e) dans la rue ou dans un commerce, je regarde ailleurs aussitΓ΄t, gros malaise. C'est pour Γ§a que j'Γ©vite de regarder les gens."
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ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ β ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΉΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ.
Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ?
β’ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π±Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠ·Π°, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.
β’ Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ β ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ². ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
β’ ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠ΄Π° Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π° ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΊΠ° Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³?
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ:
β’ ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
β’ Π¨ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊ, Π±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π°.
β’ ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
β’ Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ β ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Β«Π‘ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΠ΅Π΄Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΒ» β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ: ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π°, Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Β«ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Β» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²: ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³Ρ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ β Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ . ΠΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ: Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ β Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ – https://narkologicheskaya-klinika-stavropol15.ru/narkolog-stavropol
KhΓ΄ng chα» cung cαΊ₯p sαΊ£n phαΊ©m mΓ cΓ²n cΓ³ cαΊ£ dα»ch vα»₯ hα» trợ tuyα»t vα»i – ΔΓ’y chΓnh lΓ lΓ½ do mΓ tΓ΄i chα»n# anykeyword#! mua bαΊ‘t lΓ³t hα» nuΓ΄i cΓ‘ giΓ‘ tα»t
I didnβt realize how often we should flush the water heater. If you need a plumber in Leeβs Summit, try trusted plumbing contractors nearby .
The difference after a professional tune-up is huge. trusted ac repair van nuys ca improved my systemβs efficiency.
science, One of the leading academic and scientific-research centers of the Belarus. There are 12 Faculties at the University, 2 scientific and research institutes. Higher education in 35 specialities of the 1st degree of education and 22 specialities.
Π’Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΠ΄ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²: ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ https://www.florion.ru/catalog/novogodnie-kompozicii-iz-iskusstvennyh-cvetov ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° Β«Π€Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Β» ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ β ΠΎΡ Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΡ Π² Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΡ Π² Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ .
ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ http://k2sccporno.com/user/LoreneArmytage8/ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ – ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
http://hosdom.ru/wp-content/pages/?promokod_1xbet_na_segodnya_pri_registracii.html
This was quite useful. For more, visit Roof warranty Cambridge .
Frozen pipes can burst once they thaw. I used tips from plumber near me to locate the shutoff valve, gently warm the line, and then their emergency plumber insulated vulnerable sections to prevent future freezing.
Well explained. Discover more at ERTE Sevilla .
As a nail art lover in Springfield, Iβm grateful for this. I comply with local updates as a result of gel nails springfield .
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Β«ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π³ΠΈΒ» β ΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΊΠ°, Β«ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΒ» ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, β ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°: ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΡ, Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ 15β20 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Β«ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΒ» Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΊ.
ΠΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ – Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ· Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ
We trust sewer cleaning for honest assessments and effective sewer cleaning.
If your AC keeps tripping the breaker, get hvac repair. “ac repair found my wiring issue fast.
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Great article on chiropractic benefits! Iβm looking for a local Car accident chiropractor Puyallup to help with my back pain. Any recommendations?
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ΠΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π°
Π΄ΡΡ ΠΈ Atelier Des Ors, https://atelierdesors.ru/ – ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π³Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π±ΡΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°.
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